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Data Quality Dimensions

Data Accessibility: The Quality Dimension That's About More Than Just Access

Accessibility measures whether the right people can find and use the data they need, when they need it. Here's why accessibility is a data quality dimension — and what barriers to watch for.

Key Takeaways
  • Data that exists but can't be found or used is effectively nonexistent for decision-making
  • Three accessibility barriers: technical (format, performance), knowledge (awareness, documentation), governance (permissions, approval friction)
  • Time to data — from business question to usable answer — is the most practical accessibility metric
  • A data catalog solves the knowledge barrier: it tells users what data exists and where to find it
  • Over-restrictive permission structures are as harmful as no permissions — review annually

Why Accessibility Is a Quality Dimension

A dataset can be complete, accurate, consistent, and timely — and still be inaccessible in practice. Accessibility measures the degree to which data is available to authorized users in a usable format when they need it.

Inaccessible data is data that effectively doesn't exist for the people who need it.

The Three Accessibility Barriers

Technical barriers:

  • Data is in a system only IT can access
  • Query performance is so slow the data isn't practically usable
  • Data is stored in proprietary formats that require specific software
  • No API or export capability for downstream systems

Knowledge barriers:

  • Data exists but nobody knows it does
  • Data dictionary is missing or outdated — users don't know what fields mean
  • No documentation of where to find specific data
  • Training requirements too high for non-technical users

Governance barriers:

  • Permission structures that over-restrict access (data is available in principle but not in practice for most users)
  • Request-and-approval workflows that take so long users work around them
  • No self-service analytics capability — all reports must go through data team

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Measuring Accessibility

Unlike other dimensions, accessibility is harder to measure numerically. Indicators:

Time to data: How long does it take a user to get from a business question to data that answers it? (Benchmark: under 1 hour for routine queries, under 1 day for complex requests)

Ticket volume for data access requests: High volume indicates a governance or self-service problem

Data utilization rate: What % of available datasets are actively used? Low utilization often means data exists but isn't accessible or known about

User survey: Do stakeholders report that they can find and use the data they need when they need it?

Improving Accessibility

  • Build a data catalog (Alation, DataHub, Google Data Catalog) — the index of what data exists and where
  • Enable self-service analytics for common use cases (Looker, Tableau, Mode Analytics)
  • Adopt a data mesh or federated ownership model that reduces central bottlenecks
  • Review permission structures annually — over-permission where risk is low, protect where risk is high

Frequently Asked Questions

What's a data catalog and do small companies need one?

A data catalog is an inventory of all datasets, their fields, their owners, and how to access them. Small companies (under 20 people) usually don't need dedicated catalog software — a well-maintained Notion or Confluence page serves the same purpose. The practice matters more than the tool.

How do I make data more accessible without creating security risks?

Role-based access control (RBAC) lets you grant access at the right level of granularity. Row-level security lets you expose a dataset while restricting sensitive rows. The goal is the minimum necessary restriction — not maximum restriction by default.

What's the difference between data accessibility and data availability?

Availability is about system uptime — can you access the system at all? Accessibility is about whether the data within a system can be found and used by the people who need it. Both matter; they address different failure modes.

Selva Santosh

Data quality, for people who ship

Selva writes practical guides on data quality, profiling, and governance to help teams ship better data.

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